Henrik Ibsen uses characterization effectively in
A Doll's House to enhance the role of each character and the effect
they play on the main character, Nora.
Equally, he uses
Nora as a way to bring out the main theme of the play, which is the unfair consequences
that happen to people that may have their hearts in the right place, but their actions
are still in direct contrast with social expectations.
Nora
is characterized as a childish and oblivious young wife and mother whose role is to
please and entertain her husband and children. However, when she oversteps the social
expectations of servitude placed upon women by acting on behalf of her husband
(something as simple as borrowing money to save her husband), she gets immediately
chastised As a result of seeing her efforts unappreciated, Nora leaves her family in a
state of disillusion, depression, and disorientation. Although she does not know what
her next step is going to be, it is obvious to her that anything is better than to be
insulted by the one person for whom she gave up her right to be
happy.
Mrs. Linde is characterized as Nora's foil. Her
character is meant to be the opposite of Nora. She has lived through painful times and
has already learned about the cruelties of life. Mrs. Linde serves as a guide to Nora's
inner thoughts, and not as a judge of them. She seems to expect very little of Nora, as
well. She represents a real, warm-blooded woman. Nora, in contrast, shows us the
silliness of her person through her nonsensical behavior towards her husband, and the
world.
Helmer is an enabler to Nora. He gives her a false
sense of control over him by allowing her to serve as his personal entertainment; as a
"doll in a doll's house". He reasserts his role as "the man of the house" by belittling
Nora's role as a caretaker. The way he does this is by giving her pet names that reflect
his condescension. As the main bread-winner, he may also feel as if he deserves that
much from Nora. When he sees that there is more to Nora than just a "lark", or a
"squirrel" of his own, his manhood becomes affected and he decidedly rejects to
appreciate the sacrifices that she made for him. In the end, he ends up alone and
abandoned by a disillusioned Nora.
Like Linde, Dr Rank
represents a foil of Nora in that he has had to face reality as it comes. Terminally
ill, he is hopelessly in love with Nora. He also represents the cruelties of nature,
since his disease was inherited from the excessive behaviors of his father. His
character represents the inevitability of fate, and the sad reality of nature. When he
leaves his last scene, he accepts his role as a recluse to life, and he leaves with as
much sadness as he enters.
So what we basically have is
that the character of Nora, immature, oblivious, belittled, and seemingly naive, is
surrounded by characters with possible emotional and social control over her. In order
for Nora to break free she would have needed to learn the realities of each of them,
apply their lessons to her own life, and learn to face reality for what it is.
Ultimately, that is exactly what she did. And she became free.