Sunday, August 14, 2011

In what ways does Twain use irony in "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"?

In his humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County, Mark Twain makes clever use of irony in separating the true from the
false.  He does this through the use of three types of irony: verbal
irony
, in which a word or phrase is used to suggest the opposite of its
usual meaning; dramatic irony, in which there is a
contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader or audience knows to
be true; and situational irony, in which an event occurs
that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, of the reader, or of the
audience.


Verbal
Irony


By appearing to set up a contrast
between the sophisticated, even pedantic voice of the narrator from the East and the
regional dialect of Simon Wheeler, Twain satirizes the superior attitude of the
Easterner; however, at the same time, according to critic Lawrence R. Smith in his essay
entitled, "Mark Twain's 'Jumping Frog':  Towards an American Heroic Ideal," there is not
just satire of the sophisticated and the vernacular voice, but there is a verbal irony
regarding the men's speech: the contrast of falsity against truth. For instance, Twain's
narrator describes Smiley's voice as possessing "a gentle-flowing key" when, in truth,
he finds Smiley tedious.


Situational
Irony


As he tells his "exasperating
reminiscence" of Jim Smiley, Simon Wheeler ridicules the hypocrisy of the narrator who
purports to seek "any information" on the Reverend Leonidas W. Smiley for which he
"would feel under many obligations to him": Wheeler tells the narrator about Jim Smiley
who,



...if
there was a camp meeting, he would be there reg'lar, to bet on Parson Walker, which he
judged to be the best exhorter about here, and so he was, too, and a good
man



This ridicule of the man
of cloth contradicts what the narrator expects to hear while it also points to the
insincerity of the narrator himself who leaves because the tale of Jim Smiley does not
afford him information about the Rev. Leonidas W.
Smiley.


Dramatic
Irony


This type of irony occurs in the tale
about Jim Smiley's frog Daniel Webster--ironically named, of course for his "honesty"
and "straightforwardness"although he is just a frog--whose mouth the other man fills
with quailshot unbenowst to the owner, Mr. Smiley.  But, since the other man knows, this
is dramatic irony.

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