Various archeological discoveries suggest that Sumer may
not be the first civilization and there are more civilizations to be discovered. We do
know that between 8500 and 7000 B.C. systematic agriculture developed in the Fertile
Crescent. Sumer developed somewhere between 4000 and 3000 B.C. E. Sumer is one of the
first major civilizations as it contains the elements of a civilization – complex
society, settlement in cities, and creation of a governmental structure. Other
civilizations formed quickly thereafter along the Nile River in Egypt (4000 B.C.E.)
along the Indus River in India (2500 B.C.E.), and the Huang He River in China (2000
B.C.E.).
Two earlier developments were unearthed by
archeologists and both date back to 8000 to 7000 B.C.E. – Jericho on the west bank of
the Jordan River and Catal Huyuk, in Turkey. These cities did not become major centers
of developing
civilizations.
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